Memorial for Benedictus (Baruch) de Spinoza

The seventeenth-century philosopher Benedictus de Spinoza spent the final years of his life in The Hague, earning his modest living as a lens grinder while writing works that challenged the religious and political orthodoxies of his time. Expelled from his community in Amsterdam for his unorthodox views, he sought refuge here, living in a house on the Paviljoensgracht until his death in sixteen seventy-seven.